Adult nursing scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grown-up nursing situation - Essay Example Mrs. Taylor, 68 is conceded with a background marked by interminable obstructive pneumonic malady (COPD) She is short of breath and anxious.She has constrained portability because of an agonizing left hip.Using the Reflective Cycle of G. Gibbs (1988) I will consider the learning and formative needs recognized in the situation depicted. The six 'halting focuses' give an accommodating individual understanding and are followed, all together, all through this essay.Description: When Mrs. Taylor was conceded in the condition before depicted, I was working with a senior partner, a ward sister experienced in grown-up nursing. The patient was in torment, enormously upset and with some cyanosis.She had been taking care of her condition at home with the assistance of oxygen and medication treatment, so her current state demonstrated that a few triggers more likely than not exacerbated the condition.These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, hypersensitivity or an excessive number of cigarettes.Feel ings: I felt a need to keep moving and the need to kick medicine off to mitigate the manifestations. I felt worry for her physical prosperity and some disappointment that it would benefit from outside assistance 'at once.'When I saw how sister talked delicately and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, contacting her hand and smoothing her temple, I felt somewhat ashamed.At sister's proposal, Mrs.Taylor inhaled all the more gradually and her uneasiness decreased. I at that point sat with her, asking how she was feeling, truly listening cautiously to her responses.I thought the amount progressively troublesome this would be with a kid or intellectually incapacitated adult,recognising the requirement for an increasingly mental methodology... These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, sensitivity or such a large number of cigarettes. Decent Guideline (2004) close ' The ailment is transcendently brought about by smoking and about all victims are more than 35.' 2. The excruciating left hip was another significant reason for concern. We got her settled in bed, nebuliser veil on and bed head raised, promising help with discomfort for the hip. Sentiments: I felt a need to keep moving and the need to kick medicine off to ease the side effects. I felt worry for her physical prosperity and some disappointment that it would benefit from outside intervention 'on the double.' At the point when I saw how sister talked delicately and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, contacting her hand and smoothing her temple, I felt somewhat embarrassed. At sister's recommendation, Mrs. Taylor inhaled all the more gradually and her tension lessened. I at that point sat with her, asking how she was feeling, truly listening cautiously to her reactions. 'Going to is the demonstration of truly concentrating on the individual who needs assistance. We have to make ourselves purposely mindful of what the other individual is stating and of what the person in question is attempting to let us know.' Morrison and Burnard (1991) I thought the amount progressively troublesome this would be with a youngster or intellectually handicapped grown-up, perceiving the requirement for an increasingly mental methodology, more consolations and an 'individual centered' nursing style. Grown-ups like Mrs. Taylor show up progressively ready to add to their own improvement, being both educated and mindful. I imagined that regardless of which nursing area I was associated with, I would perceive that similar necessities of consolation, organization of prescription and exact record keeping would apply. I would likewise hold fast to the standards of regard for any social or social foundation.

buy custom The Work of an Information Technology essay

purchase custom The Work of an Information Technology paper Crafted by an Information Technology proficient spotlights on the utilization of innovation in building up an association with data administrations. The work involves organizing, establishment of reinforcement or recuperation frameworks, area arrangement, and equipment establishment. Work with regards to an It proficient in a college involves giving framework administrations to the foundation. A portion of these administrations incorporate undertaking the board, connecting clients to IT administrations and procedure improvement, for example, an Information Technology Infrastructure Library. The principle point of an IT proficient in such an establishment is to guarantee that sound foundation interfaces the associations specialized and administration structure in this way; give a favorable domain to learning. Its effect work can be found in the improvement of viability of administration conveyance to understudies and staff, a significant aspect in authoritative turn of events (Marilu, Kathleen Keith 2006). The result of the work led by IT experts involves investing amounts of energy on all individuals from the association to progress in the direction of improving hierarchical activities. This will empower the association to serve its understudies and staff while satisfying its strategic vision. These tasks must be accomplished if the data innovation frameworks are all around introduced and worked. Data security is the one of the key difficulties confronting IT experts. Each individual is utilizing the web to misuse openings and rsources that accompany it. In any case, there are likewise individuals and associations who have as of now spelt fate for the IT calling. Programmers utilize a similar web to assault and cut down data frameworks having a place with different associations. Previously, organizations depended on IT proficient in overseeing PC, data, and system security. The expanding danger to the frameworks has constrained organizations to recruit data security work force to help in dealing with all security issues. The other test is that IT specialists need to experience further preparing than previously. They must be prepared in designing security and activities the executives among other complex issues that encompass data delicate associations. IT specialists must be learned in the novel advancements utilized in web based business. Most associations grasp these new advances without realizing that even the programmers are creating novel methods of hacking. New frameworks are of key enthusiasm to programmers since most associations are not familiar with their tasks. It is indispensable to take note of that, an IT proficient needs to think ahead, conceptualize any possible danger like misrepresentation, and relieve it. Web based business area involves Business-to-Business undertakings and Business-to-Customer. The issue of system security is a major issue to the IT experts. Trojans, worms and infections can be sent through steady messages, spam, and messages that may give off an impression of being of no mischief to numerous individuals and associations. IT experts have numerous open doors in the Information Technology division. One can prepare as an IT data master and his work will be to recognize any danger to the data frameworks of an association. IT experts can likewise utilize their aptitudes to manufacture frameworks that are programmer confirmation and offer to a few associations. On a similar line, they can exploit the information in their field and use it to set up web based business exercises that will procure them pay. In reality improvement, for example, in Kansas University, IT experts have set up a data frameworks that empowers the college to accomplish its objectives. Data administrations conveyance has been extremely successful particularly with the set up of a data framework library that is being used by the two understudies and staff. The structure of data administrations at the college empowers understudies to get to administrations, hence the production of an authoritative learning framework. The difficulties at the University include protecting the data frameworks from programmers (Sambamurthy, Brown, 1999). The systems have likewise to be secured since hacking may harm the entire system. The open doors include functioning as a data security master to alleviate the dangers presented by programmers. As I would see it, the IT field is loaded with numerous open doors for understudies who expect to contemplate this field. One can fill in as a data security master, structure frameworks that are programmer verification or start a web based business undertaking. Purchase custom The Work of an Information Technology article

How to Select Examples of APA Research Paper

How to Select Examples of APA Research PaperWhen you are on the lookout for examples of APA research paper, you will find that there are many options to choose from. This article will give you a quick and handy guide on how to select the most appropriate and applicable sample for your requirements.To begin with, ensure that you know about the current opportunity that you want to apply for. By knowing this, you can first plan your essay topics, so that you will have the time required to choose the most suitable APA research paper sample. Besides that, you can also know how much time it will take you to finish the whole research task, which is usually taken by most students during their junior years.If you know about your present opportunity, then you should choose an example of APA research paper that is in line with your interests. This will help you come up with the perfect topic for your research assignment. For instance, if you are good in math, then you should choose an example o f APA research paper that focuses on algebraic equations and the basic analytical techniques. In addition, you should also pick a topic that is within your level of interest, so that you will not waste your precious time.Since you have already identified your topic and the type of research to be done, the next step is to determine the length of the application. This will depend on whether you will use it as an undergraduate or as a graduate project. In order to complete the task quickly, you should choose an example of APA research paper that can be completed within just a few days.When you have chosen an example of APA research paper, you can now decide whether you will prepare the material yourself or not. If you will do it yourself, then you must be well-versed in English grammar and writing, and also have knowledge about the most recent academic developments. For students who want to get a job, this job will require you to have an excellent research communication skill.Once you have decided to prepare your own research papers, it is advisable to read some sample APA research paper samples to understand more about the tasks you need to perform. Additionally, you should also consider which samples are in line with your future research needs. By knowing these details, you will be able to choose an example of APA research paper that can be completed within a few days.Now, you can choose the appropriate examples of APA research paper that can be used in the study. By having an idea of the requirements and goals of the research project, you will be able to take a step towards your goal. Thus, make sure that you follow the steps correctly, and you will have a successful research project.

The Impact Of Datscan On Diagnosis And Management Of...

The Impact of DaTscan on the Diagnosis and Management of Movement Disorders: A Retrospective Study. New and evolving diagnostic tests are always exciting. Especially if these tests could possibly lead us to a cure for those diseases that currently have only treatment, but no cures. Parkinson s is a progressively degenerative disease, which affects millions of people every year. Patients suffering from Parkinson s incur high costs from drug therapy, fall-related injuries, and hospitalizations. By diagnosing this disease earlier, treatment can be started earlier and hopefully the symptoms can be delayed and less severe for a longer period of time giving the patient a better quality of life. However, with any new test we must use statistical measures to determine if these tests are truly making a difference. This search was performed using articles in Pubmed and PMC from the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health using the key terms Parkinson s disease, parkinsons diagnosis, and DaTscan. No print sources were used during this research. In the current times of change and technology, by the time an article or book is written, edited, sent to press, and distributed to stores, libraries, etc it is already old news. For the most up to date information, the Internet is usually where the most relevant information can be found. However, with any media source, it is important to use information from reputable sources. Parkinson s disease is one of

Stress Management Essay - 1503 Words

Stress is defined as â€Å"any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities† (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 72). Stress is a natural event that exists literally in all areas of one’s life. It can be embedded in the environment, culture, or perception of an event or idea. Stress is a constant burden, and can be detrimental to one’s physical and mental health. However stress can also provide beneficial effects; it can satisfy one’s need for stimulation and challenge, promote personal growth, and can provide an individual with the tools to cope with, and be less affected by tomorrow’s stress (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 93). When stressful events occur three types of responses take†¦show more content†¦Both aggression and self indulgence are harmful and have negative effects both psychologically and physiologically. Positive coping strategies, or constructive coping, refer to strategies that are healthy when dealing with stress. Constructive coping strategies involve realistic appraisals of the situation, directly confronting the situation, organizing and managing the potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress, and exerting some control over the negative habitual behaviors (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 114). In order to effectively manage stress an individual must first accurately identify the sources of the stress. Psychological tests such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), or the Life Experiences Survey (LES), can aid in identifying the extent in which events or situations that are perceived as stressful. The SRRS test measures life change as a form of stress. Values are assi gned to 43 major life events that reflect the degree of the readjustment required by each change (Weiten Lloyd, 2006). A high score on the SRRS indicates that the individual is more vulnerable to physical and psychological illnesses. However the SRRS fails to account for many variables such as individual perception of the event or neuroticism. The stressful events depicted in the SRRS are ambiguous, which lowers the reliability of the test. Alternatively the LES was designed to address the problems withShow MoreRelatedStress And The Stress Management1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of Stress, its history and how to manage Stress is a daily conversation word as the world is becoming more challenging and difficult to live. It is very important to understand, and know how to manage it on a daily basis especially on our workplace. This essay will be broken into four parts firstly it is going to discuss about the contrast and similarity in the definition of stress between Engineering and Selye’s approach. Then it is going to critically evaluate the General AdaptationRead MoreHow Stress And Stress Management1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we have studied during the weeks of nine through eleven. 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Stress is reported to cost employers US$120Read MoreEssay on Stress and Stress Management1494 Words   |  6 Pages Stress and stress management: What is stress and how to manage it ? Stress is defined as a force that tends to strain or deform (b) mental emotional or physical tension, strain or distress-(v) to put emphasis on (c ) to subject to strain or pressure. Stress is a unwanted feeling of emotions and physiological arousal that some experience in certain situations. Stress can mean different things to various people. People have said; â€Å"That stress can causeRead MoreA Short Note On Stress Management And Stress Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesStania Tavil Dr. Diane D. Ashe Psychology 2012 October 15, 2016 Stress Management In everyday life, people have to deal with some good moments and some difficulties. They can be helpful and also destructive. Life Comes down to several characteristic as:/ joy, love, sadness, crying etc. There are many phenomena that appear and seem good and a little weird too sometimes. They can be: physical, moral, social, economic, psychological, natural disaster, or failing to achieve. Everyone wants to be happyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Nutrition On Stress Management1852 Words   |  8 Pages Over the recent decades the emerging importance that nutrition has on stress management in college students along with others has become a controversial topic all across different Universities and Public Institutions. Hence, for years, society has suspected that stress and nutrition are linked and now after so many years, scientific research has found evidence to support this connection. In an article by Fysekidis Kouacou (2015), research suggest to help explain this link and, as more individualsRead MoreStress Management Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesStress Stress is normal. It happens to everyone, and affects everyone differently. It is a feeling of being overwhelmed for handling things you aren’t used to. Stress is also known as a response or something that changes in the body caused by emotions, social, physical, or economical issues which can cause tension mentally and physically. It can be caused by external or internal situations. What’s known as the â€Å"fight or flight† response, is initiated when an individual becomes stressed. It is theRead More The Management of Stress Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesnot the answer I’m looking for. The correct answer is stress. Everyone has stress in his or her life at one point or another. It’s one of many inevitable parts of life. Whether it’s busting out a research paper for Psychology at the last minute, expecting your first child to be born, to making sure you’re up in time to catch the Saturday morning cartoons, it’s clearly evid ent that everyone goes through stress. The real question is, how is stress handled in our society? A person is defined by how theyRead MoreEssay on Stress Management649 Words   |  3 PagesStress Management Responses to stressors present different impacts on each individual. Stressors have a physical and psychological effect on people although some people seem to be much less effected by stress being able to withstand high levels of stress almost as if there daily lives depend on it. Even though it is accepted stress is with us from are waking moment to the minute we sleep, almost all individuals through time suffer physical or psychological illness. IndividualRead MoreStress Management Plan1516 Words   |  7 PagesStress Management Plan When I was gathering resources for my first stress portfolio, one picture left a deep impression. It says: â€Å"there are only two times I feel stress: day and night.† Yes, stress exists along with our whole life; it may seem that there is nothing that we can do about stress. The homework and exams will keep coming, there is endless study and work in the day, and our career and family responsibilities will always be demanding. However, the good news is that stress can be managed

The American Dream free essay sample

There are many different functions of the American Dream. However, the American Dream embraces a sight of respective prosperity, personal safety, and personal liberty. The American dream is a continually fluctuating set of ideals, reflecting the ideas of an era represented in popular culture. Popular culture can be defined as a shared set Of practices and beliefs that have attained global acceptance. Popular culture can be characterized by: being associated with commercial products; developing from local to national to global acceptance; allowing consumers to have widespread access and are constantly changing and evolving.Hip hop is a musical genre which developed alongside hip hop culture, and is commonly based on concepts of looping, rapping, freestyles, Digging, scratching, sampling and beating. The music is used to express concerns of political, social, and personal issues. Hip hop started as a blend of late asss jazz poetry, the influx of Caribbean migrants and their musical influences and the sasss and asss political and gang cultures of inner city New York. Hip hops local roots can be traced back to the mid seventies when it started as gatherings of youth getting together for what they called bloc parties.Hip hop initially unified many of New Works minorities and created inter racial harmony, on a small scale and only for a short time. Borrowed from New Works gang cultures was spray painting. Hip Hop turned gang tags into aerosol art, and thus another facet of Hip hop culture was born. Hip hops rise to global acceptance was extremely quick. It went from local bloc parties in the late seventies, to national recognition in the early asss with independent artists and labels recording hip hop for the first time.Finally in the mid eighties when Grand Master Flash and the Furious Five went global tit The Message and Run DMS and Aerostatic went number one around the world with Walk This Way, hip hop had become global and mainstream. Through its rise from local, national, to global hip hop showed continued evolution. Initially hip hop involved the sampling of old jazz and funk beats mixed with percussion breaks. Music was spun by Dos and due to the unsophisticated equipment there was no smooth transition from song to song. Initially the role of the MAC was to entertain the audience during the short breaks when the DC was changing records.This eventually lead the Macs to Start joking and interacting with the audience, that lead to short autobiographical raps, and lastly to what we know today as rap music. Throughout hip hops rise to global acceptance, products and trends have followed hip hops evolutionary journey. From the back to front and inside out attire of Chris Cross, to the oversized brightly colored pants of MAC Hammer, hip hop has truly become commercialese and associated with consumer products. Like other forms of popular music, hip hop has the usual associated products, such as Cads, DVDs, concerts and concert shirts etc.Where it does differ from other forms of popular music is the clothing lines, shoes, play taxation games (50 Cent Get Rich or Die Trying), associated with the products. Companies have been able to exploit hip hop like no other form of popular music thus far. The range of associated products, endorsements and sponsorships are unmatched, and the attitude of many of the artists seems to exacerbate this relationship to capital. Hip hop crossed a huge obstacle in 2006 when hip hop artists won an Oscar for best song, Its Hard out Here for a Pimp (Hustle Flow). Hip hops purists have been faced with a problem due to the contemporary format that hip hop has taken. Many feel that artist have sold out. Selling out though raises the previous argument about artists relationship to capital. Is it the fault of the artist or are they just a reflection Of modern day society? Money hungry, sexist and individualist, the total opposite of where hip hop was when it originated, collectivist, grassroots and pouring out of the asss asss civil rights culture. Hip hop and popular culture are both constantly changing and evolving. Hip hops early years from the late asss-1 986.This stage is categorized with block parties, live music, and unsophisticated rhymes/raps, A hip hop a hipping to the hop, a hipping to the hop and you just dont stop. Lyrics such as these dominated the scene, until grandmaster flashs highly controversial song, The Message. Broken glass everywhere People pissing on the stairs, you know they just dont care cant take the smell, cant take the noise Got no money to move out, I guess I got no choice Rats in the front room, roaches in the back Junkies in the ally with a baseball bat tried to get away but couldnt get far Cue a man with a tow truck repossessed my car.Dont push me cue IM close to the edge m trying not lose my head Uh huh ha ha ha Its like a jungle sometimes It makes me wonder how keep from going under. The next era of hip hop is known as the golden age (1986-93). This period is marked by highly political lyrics from New York, and saw the emergence of against rap from the west coast. Taking up the message of the message, New York artists such as KIRKS-One dominated the scene, with highly rhythmic and political lyrics.He caused controversy when he used a famous image of Malcolm-X standing behind a window with a gun. The image was changed to him standing beside the window and instead of holding an M-1 assault rifle; he had a Mack-I O automatic; commonly used in drive by shootings and by gang members. From very early on artists, including KIRKS-One, have been concerned by the associated image of hip hop as rap, and the centralization of it. Rap is something you do; hip hop is something you live. The difference is kids nowadays, they got the videos. Rappers dont need skills to build so they dont really know (KIRKS One Hip Hop vs. Rap Sound of the Policies) Also prominent was Public Enemy. The highly confrontational group again dominated, picking up the social issues prominent in the African American ghetto communities. Public Enemy caused controversy with Flavor Flat wearing a clock around his neck, symbolizing that now is the time. The era also saw the emergence of against rap. The sound was made mainstream when west coast rap crew NNW (Enigmas Wit Attitude) released their debut album, Straight Out Compton in 1988.The next era just simply called The Modern Era (93-present), saw the West coast rappers and the West Coast scene dominate, sparking rivalry between the east and west coast. This rivalry peaked with the controversy surrounding the deaths of Tuba and Biggie Smalls. The era also saw new sounds from the south, and north of America, but more importantly saw the emergence of hip hop artists around the world, rather than just exported American artists. Access is similar to most other pop cultures. What must be mentioned here though is the ethnocentric view of what makes up most pop culture.Access revolves around technology, and money. Therefore very few can truly be pop culture, because just how attainable or accessible are popular cultures to the third world? Unfortunately global really refers to the first world. Hip hop and its consumption was initially a contentious issue. Initially for artists to succeed they had to conform to a commercial sound. During the asss African Americans lobbied MAT for air time. An hour a week was dedicated to the new fad of hip hop. In order to be heard artists needed a sound that would accommodate a predominately white and black middle class audience.This paved the way for the non-confrontational, party sounds of hip hop. Lyrics had little substance, and like so many other popular genres of music, had manufactured images and sounds. But with the advent of new tech analogies, and emerging alternate labels, hip hop fought back, and the media and powers that be were unable to stop the ambush of hip hops political and against rap movements. This leads to the next point, and is probably more relevant to todays music more so than ever: just who controls hip hop/ popular music?Throughout hip hops emergence and evolution, there was a clear line even within commercial/ successful acts Of those with a political nature, and those with just an old school party sound. Within contemporary hip hop, what has been removed on a commercial level has been the success of artists/ acts with that social and political message. Who shot baggy smalls if we dont get them they goanna get us all Im down for running on them (blurred) in they city hall We ride for hall all ma adages stay real Dont thank these record deals going feed your seeds and pay your bills Because they not Masc. get a little bit of love and think they hotTalking bout how much money they got All hall records sound the same Im sick of that fake thug rb rap scenario all day on the radio Same scenes in the video, maintains material Hall dont hear me too These record labels sla ng our tapes like dope You could be next in line to sign and still be writing rhymes and broke Youd rather have a Lexus or justice A dream or some substance A beamer or necklace or freedom Inning like me dont playa hate I just stay awake Its real hip hop, and it dont stop till we get the pop pop off the block (Dead Perez Lets get Free) These lyrics demonstrate the struggle between the artists to have individual redeem yet the reality of the struggle between company and recording artists. The Dead Perez are highly critical of commercial hip hop and its tried methods. Dead Perez are a very well respected crew, but because of the highly political and confrontational nature of their music remain behind the curtain. They are the perfect example of control by big corporations and the media. They have been shut out of popular music because of their highly critical stance on popular music. A perfect case study for control of Hip hop music and Heros and Villains and Mythology is to examine the career of Tuba. Tubas short career saw him covered in controversy, yet he still remains as popular today, ten years after his death.In the eyes of youth Tuba is more than a rap star, he is a thug, he is a musician, he is a social commentator, a poet, and he is relevant. Love him or hate him, Tuba brought the confrontational political nature of Hip Hop back into the mainstream. American authorities attempted to ban Tubas first t-van. Or albums, as his mothers Panther legacy came shining through his song lyrics. Tuba talked about confronting police harassment and bullying, drugs and crime, ND of course social issues relevant to not just disenfranchised African Americans, but many of the worlds poor and disenfranchised. Songs like Breads got a baby talked of the struggles of a teenage mother, and her having to come to grips with the reality Of her situation.The song is based on events reported in a newspaper in America, Brenda didnt know what to throw away and what to keep; she wrapped the baby up and threw it in the trash heap.. . But his social comments rises extend to songs about police harassment, drugs, violence and life in the poorest of Americas black neighborhoods. Keep hay Head Up is a song dedicated to African American women, and the hardships they face due to sexism and racism, but the list goes on White Mans World is another song Tuba writes for his black sisters critiquing the system, every woman in America especially black, bear with me cant you see that we under attack But it also contains autobiographical recollections of his childhood, Mama why they keep on calling me Niger, keep my hate up, and I wait up, pay me back when Im bigger.. . In many respects, Tuba attempts to get them back, but by attacking the system, no doubt again, due to his Black Panther heritage. No other Hip Hop artist has had Dan Quail, the former Vice President of the United States try to have their music banned, or to suggest a senate inquiry should be undertaken. It did fail, but it saw two senators: white, Christian, conservative and Republican and a black liberal Democrat and female leading the charge in the media to have Tubas music banned.Also Tubas music Was burnt and pulled from shelves in more conservative parts Of the country, demonstrating his hero and villain status. This shows how the perception of popular culture is interlinked with the status of hip hop artists as both heros ND/ or villains. It also demonstrates the extent to which institutional power can still influence our perception, access and control of popular culture. Finally Tuba can also be used to investigate mythology. The nature of his career and his early death are perfect examples of how mythology is created around certain popular cultures. The best example of mythology is the east coast, west coast rivalries, or the rap wars.Tuba, born on the east coast but who later moved to California, was allegedly shot by artists from the New York scene. This created mythology, and competition between the east and west coast of America. A clear line was drawn and fans started to align themselves with either artists from the East or West Coast. This demonstrates the control the media can exercise over popular culture as the rivalry was only between Tuba and Baggy Smalls, but because of media hype, it became a rivalry between two major labels, and then two rival scenes for control of the US and world Hip Hop scene. Hip Hop and its associated cultures have had huge impacts on society. What has become accepted on a global scale is African American culture.

Yanomamo Tribe Essays - Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas, Yanomami

Yanomamo Tribe The Yanomamo My name is Eric Dunning and this is my proposal to go and study the Yanomamo tribe in the rain forests of Brazil. I have compiled a historical outline of the Yanomamo tribe and some of their religion and culture, ranging from marital status to the type of food they eat. I have chosen this tribe because according to many anthropologists the Yanomamo are perhaps the last culture to have come in contact with the modern world. The Yanomamo people of Central Brazil are one of the oldest examples of the classic pre-Columbian forest footmen. The Yanomamo live in almost complete seclusion in the Amazon rain forests of South America. The Yanomamo live in small bands or tribes and live in round communal huts called shabonos, which are actually made up of individual living quarters. The Yanomamo language consists of a variety of dialect, but no real written language. Clothes are minimal, and much of their daily life revolves around gardening, hunting, gathering, making crafts and visiting with one another. These small tribes hold their men in high ranks. Chiefs are always men who are held responsible for the general knowledge and safety of the group's women. The men are able to beat their wives if they feel the need to and are able to marry more than one woman at a time. This loose form of polygamy is a way of increasing the population of the tribe. Yanomamo people rely heavily on a system of political alliances based upon relationship. As part of that system, they have incorporated a complex feasting and trading system into their culture. One of these methods of forming political alliances is feasting. Feasting is when one village invites another village for a feast or dinner. During the feast there is a lot of social activity. The Yanomamo dance and mingle with each other along with eating a different variety of foods. The only catch is the other village must reciprocate a feast by one village. This feast is more like an American dinner party in which members of family or social group invite others to attend. A feast however can be dangerous and or fatal for those who attend. The Yanomamo can be very conniving and deceiving. They pretend to be loyal friends and invite the other village for a feast. The other very village very trustfully attends the feast not knowing that this might be their last meal. After the feast when the guests are helplessly resting in their hammocks they are attack ed and brutally beaten to death. The Yanomamo live in a constant state of warfare with other tribes and even within their own groups. Marriages are often arranged according to performances of one's relatives in battles. Ideal marriages are thought to consist of cross cousin marriages and the males of the family and the religious leaders of the tribe perform all marriages. In addition to their strong kinship ties, political alliances and thirst for revenge, the Yanomamo have a detailed religion, based on the use of hallucinogenic drugs and the telling of mythical tales. The religious beliefs of the Yanomamo are quite complex. According to Yanomamo wise men, there are four levels of reality. Through them, the Yanomamo believe that things tend to fall or descend downward to a lower layer is demonstrated. The uppermost layer of the four is thought to be pristine and tender. It is called duku ka misi and the Yanomamo believe that many things originated in this area. This layer does not play much of a role in the everyday life of the Yanomamo. It is considered to be just there, once having some vague function. The next layer down is called hedu ka misi and is known as the sky layer. The top surface is supposedly invisible, but is believed to be similar to earth. It has trees, gardens, villages, animals, plants and most importantly, the souls of the deceased. These souls are said to be similar to mortals because they garden, eat and sleep. Everything that exists on earth is said to have a counterpart on this level. The bottom surface of the layer is said to be what the Yanomamo on earth actually see: