Analysis Of The Poem Upon The Burning Of Our House

Since its early days, America has had strong core values based in Christian theology, European traditions, and Western ideals and morals. The Christian religion (and its many varying tendrils) has helped unify our nation for centuries. The founders of what is today the United States of America came over to this continent avoiding persecution for their religion from European powers. While there have been plethora wars and struggles across Europe over religion, thankfully they have never showed their face in America, although it is most certainly a part of our heritage. However, it can not be said that Christianity is the only influence that has been exerted on the American culture. Pagan and secular traditions and superstitions have been passed from ancient Greece to ancient Rome, then from the wreckage of those empires in Europe, and carried on all the way through the Dark Ages to 1600’s pilgrims who carried their culture to a new continent: North America. A remarkably early A merican poet was Anne Bradstreet, who wrote the poem â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House,† which is a tribute to God. The most important and obvious value that Bradstreet emphasizes in her poem is her devotion to God. Throughout this poem she mentions him seven times as being her support and lord. In the second stanza she prays that god will â€Å"strengthen me in my distress.† This demonstrates to us that she trusts God to take care of her, despite the extreme traumatic experience she just endured. She usesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Gwen Harwood s The Violets 1450 Words   |  6 Pagestechniques displayed through the ideas, poetic features and style of the poet, reveal concepts which transcend time and place. In Gwen Harwood’s poem â€Å"the violets† her ability to interweave past and present emphasises the importance of memory in preserving ones journey though the universal experiences of growth, maturity and mortality. Similarly the poem â€Å"Mother who gave me life† demonstrates the memory of motherhood as a timeless quintessential part of the human condition. And lastly In Harwood’sRead MoreAnne Bradstreet and the Puritan Community Essay2029 Words   |  9 Pagesrepresent. â€Å"The Lord make it like that of of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill.† (158) Winthrop suggested that the eyes of the world would be on the passengers of the Arabella to set the example of â€Å"good† Christian behavior. He advocated the notions of hard work, fellowship, and community, and held these qualities in the upmost regard in building this â€Å"City upon a hill† community. He preached the ideology of Puritanism to a congregation of peoples breaking free fromRead More The Style of Beowulf Essay2172 Words   |  9 Pagesstyle. Recently, there have been reconsiderations of authochthonous traditions linked mainly with the analysis of larger narrative patterns (105).    Beowulf ‘s stylistic features will be examined in this essay, along with the perspectives of various literary critics.    T. A. Shippey in â€Å"The World of the Poem† expresses himself on the subject of a point of style in the Old English poem Beowulf: â€Å"The poet reserves the right to say what people are thinking; he does not, however, regardRead MorePoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 PagesThe Poems analysed are: The City Planners, Margaret Atwood and The Planners, Boey Kim Cheng. These are taken from the IGCSE Cambridge Poetry Anthology, but may be interesting for unseen poetry too. Question Set How do these poets use language and structure to get across their theme? I wrote this in about half an hour. Both poems are very similar, and have the same topic - City Planning - as shown in their titles. Structurally, they are different though, and the tone differs in places. IveRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Seamus Heaneys North3769 Words   |  16 PagesAnalysis of Seamus Heaneys North The poet Keats wrote that â€Å"the only means of strengthening one’s intellect is to make up one’s own mind about nothing – to let the mind be a thoroughfare for all thought, not a select body†. That this may be an admirable aim for a poet, and especially so for one writing against a background of ethnic violence, is not in doubt. It is, however, extremely difficult to remain neutral when one identifies oneself with an ethnic party involved in conflict. It is my intentionRead MoreThe Works of James Dickey and John Ciardi2949 Words   |  12 PagesFirebombing, or his tale of a lone psychopath fighting his way northwards through the country after being shot down in a flight over Tokyo in To The White Sea in order to at least cast doubt over such an assumption. The purpose of this essay is the analysis of the validity of Dickey’s novel, letters and poetry as an account of war when set against the writings of someone indisputably affected and (one cou ld argue) traumatised by the same war. Does a more genuine warrior write ‘better’ poetry? Does itRead MoreFilipino Language and Green Card Bearer3250 Words   |  13 PagesAlipio) Short Story: Wedding Dance Poem: Bonsai Group 2 (Rosabal, Gocela, Gamalinda) Short Story: The White Horse of Alih Poem: Patalim Group 3 (Barlin and Castillejo) Short Story: Mayday Eve Poem: Bihirang Masulat ang Kaligayahan Group 4 (De Jesus, Dela Cruz, Sioco) Short Story  : My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken Poem: Poem 10 Group 5 (Chen, Uy, Qiu) Short Story: Dead Stars Poem: Gabu Group 6 (Fule, Lim, Quinzon) Short Story: The Small Key Poem: You Can Choose Your Afterlife GroupRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesof Enlightenment American Renaissance/Romanticism Gothic Realism Naturalism Modernism Harlem Renaissance Postmodernism Contemporary Puritan Times period of American Literature - 1650-1750 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · errand into the wilderness be a city upon a hill Christian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ ·Read MoreThomas Hardy Poems16083 Words   |  65 Pagesabout my pilgrimage as pain. HAP ANALYSIS Firstly the word hap means that which happens by chance. The poem is a sonnet, although it is presented as three stanzas in that the traditional octave is split into two stanzas each of four lines and the sestet is a stanza on its own. The rhyme scheme is every other line rhymes. The poem reflects an atheist’s philosophy of life and is told from the point of view of a young man. The major themes in the poem are faith, and suffering. The speakerRead MoreInstallation Art And Its Impact On Art2857 Words   |  12 PagesINSTALLATION ART Installation art is living art which makes it relevant in our daily lives. It can be seen on display in communities, in business, in architecture, and in education. Additionally, it is pivotal in making a political statement as well as entertainment inclusively film installations, film and television productions. Installation Art did for art, what film did for photography, bringing life and movement into what would otherwise be still. Business use of installation art and the excitement

Themes Of Gender Roles And Gender A Streetcar Named Desire

Themes of gender roles and gender performativity are evident throughout Williams’ iconic play ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’. In this essay, I will be examining what affect this has on the text as well as employing Judith Butlers theories of performing and performativity. Williams’ presents us with a range of characters who vary in terms of their gender expression. As a homosexual man himself, he also uses the play as a way to express his personal feelings as homosexuality was a great taboo and generally unspoken of. Blanche exacerbates her femininity by the way she dresses since she wears red satin, silks, costume jewellery and so forth. As the play progresses, Blanche clings on to her sexuality as it is perhaps one of the few senses of†¦show more content†¦The name Blanches translates into ‘white’ in French and therefore the colour white may symbolise the innocence in Blanche. Furthermore, she is insecure about her appearance and age; â €˜I don’t think I’ve ever seen you in the light’ which is noticed by mitch as she attempts to manipulate people to allow herself to feel better since she is overly reliant on male attention. Felicia Hardison Londrà © implies how Blanche’s ‘first impulse is to turn to another man as a saviour’ which further highlights Blanche’s reliance on male figures due to her past history of her ex-husband Allan committing suicide. This contrasts Stanley’s lack of reliance and his self-sufficiency in comparison of Blanche, this further upholds his image of being the ‘macho man’. Blanche has a strong desire devotion to finding a man who she can depend on, however she is not interested in a typical masculine man. For instance, she flirts with a young boy when he appears the Kowalski’s house; ‘have you got a lighter?’, Blanche returns to her old habits of manipulation. ‘They mustn’t have understo od what I wanted number I wanted’ evokes confusion and how Blanche is lost and in a difficult situation when she arrives in New Orleans which signifies her state throughout the play. This again contrasts Stanley as he is the centre of attention and is certain as compared to Blanche who is fragile and weak in comparison. This is an example of gender roles in the text, Blanche is expectedShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Differences Of The Play Top Girls And A Streetcar Named Desire 1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe plays ‘Top Girls’ and ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ are written in ways that explore the issues surrounding gender equality and gender differences. Churchill explores the ideas of a feminist utopia where the men and women live in separate spheres which are prescribed to suit the stereotypical roles of the genders. For example at this time power dressing was a real strategy used by the new breed of feminists struggling for identity i n society. We learn about the relationship between women and workingRead More Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Streetcar Named Desire1539 Words   |  7 Pages Many different depictions of gender roles exist in all times throughout the history of American culture and society. Some are well received and some are not. When pitted against each other for all intents and purposes of opposition, the portrayal of the aspects and common traits of masculinity and femininity are separated in a normal manner. However, when one gender expects the other to do its part and they are not satisfied with the results and demand more, things can shift from normal to extremeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Analysis825 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’ 1947 drama, A Streetcar Named Desire, is a work of social realism which demonstrates the destructive impact of machismo on society in the late 1940s. In his raw representation of the human condition, Williams critiques the unrel enting gender roles which adversely affected so many members of his society. Although the drama is aimed at Williams’ society, as an audience member in the 21st century, Streetcar continues to be a confronting example of the past. Furthermore, the ongoingRead MoreHow Are Dominate Women Presented in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller and A Streetcar by Tennessee Williams553 Words   |  3 PagesThe plays, A Streetcar Named Desire and A View from the Bridge, focus on the theme of domination of the female characters through the writer’s habit of literacy techniques such as imagery and realism to add the typical tragedy that follows in both plays – where the main character dies at the end and each playwright uses their own method to manipulate their point of view or opinion of the play’s plot to the audience members. In Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, its form of a Southern Gothic enablesRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Compare And Contrast1187 Words   |  5 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire s original drafts were started in the early 1940s by playwright Tennessee Williams, who prepared and tested numerous titles for the work. Eventually, the completed play opened on December 3, 1947 in New York City staring Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski and directed by Elia Kazan. This run of Streetcar lasted 855 performances until 1949 and won Williams a Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Later, in 1951, the film version was adapted and staredRead MoreThe Role of Women in America Around 1945 1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Women in America Around 1945 A Streetcar named Desire written by Tennessee William, show the reality of 1945, where women had a lower status than men thus implying a lower importance. There was a clear inequality between genders, perhaps as a function of the war and the need for everything to be â€Å"normal† again. Both the book A Streetcar named Desire, and the general society of 1945, show the same ideals of how a woman should be in order to fit into society. This is particularly theRead More A Comparison of Gender-Roles in A Dolls House and A Streetcar named Desire1400 Words   |  6 PagesGender-Roles in A Dolls House and A Streetcar named Desire   Ã‚   The roles of males and females in our society are subjects that entail great criticism, and have been under scrutiny for as long as a `society has existed. In analyzing A Dolls House by Henrick Ibsen and A Streetcar named Desire by Tennessee Williams, the effects that gender-roles have on relationships is an evident aspect in both of the plays. The choice of words used by the authors strongly underscores the themes of supremacyRead MoreLiterary Analysis : A Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1493 Words   |  6 Pagesin the 1940s or by reading a book, novel or play. The play â€Å"A streetcar named desire† by Tennessee Williams is the perfect example since it was written in the late 1940s and it contains the themes of gender issues, and masculinity vs. femininity. Both of these themes will not only provide us with examples regards to social attitudes, but it will also state to us who had the power and how they gained the power. In a streetcar named des ire, the main characters include Blanche Dubois (older sister ofRead MoreA Telephone Call By Dorothy Parker1347 Words   |  6 Pages In the various works provided to the class many themes are present in all of them, this paper will be focusing on the authors methods of critiquing social norms. The short story, A Telephone Call by Dorothy Parker paints a harsh reality from the perspective of a highly anxious woman forced into a lifestyle that many would relate to in the 1900s. â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning exposes the duke and the terrible social norms he reinforces through a poetic format allowing the reader to interpretRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Masculinity Analysis1054 Words   |  5 Pagesin A Streetcar Named Desire Tall, dark, and handsome has long been the standard of a desirable man. There is undoubtedly something about a â€Å"man’s man† that is intriguing and beguiling. However, there must be a point where too much masculinity becomes a problem. As society continues to praise men with the biggest muscles, the nicest cars, and the most women, it is becoming increasingly hard to draw the line between healthy masculinity and toxic masculinity. In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named

Life Sciences Paper 1 Free Essays

string(40) " slide she filled with distilled water\." NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2011 MARKS: 150 TIME: 2? hours This question paper consists of 14 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Sciences Paper 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2011 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Write ALL the answers in your ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question. . Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink. 7. Draw diagrams or flow charts only when asked to do so. 8. The diagrams in this question paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale. 9. Do NOT use graph paper. 10. You may use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass. 11. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 SECTION A QUESTION 1 1. 1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A – D ) next to the question number (1. 1. 1 – 1. . 6) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1. 1. 7 D. 1. 1. 1 The process in which male gametes are formed in humans is called †¦ A B C D 1. 1. 2 When the first child of two parents, without any visible genetic disorder, was born, the child was found to have a serious genetic disorder. The parents were told that a recessive gene had caused the disorder, and that only one pair of genes was involved. If they had a second child this child †¦ A B C D 1. 1. 3 was certain to have the disorder. had a 1 in 2 chance of having the disorder. had a 1 in 4 chance of having the disorder. no chance of having the disorder. Below is a set of steps following fertilisation in humans. Which is the CORRECT order of events? 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Copyright reserved vasectomy. spermatogenesis. oogenesis. mitosis. The embryo is embedded in the uterine wall in humans. A zygote is formed in the Fallopian tube. Cell division occurs to form a ball of several hundred cells. The blastocyst remains free for several days in the uterus. 2, 3, 4, 1 2, 1, 3, 4 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 3, 2, 4 Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 4 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 QUESTIONS 1. 1. 4 and 1. 1. 5 refer to the graph below which shows the growth of the follicle and the ovarian hormone levels. Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle Growth of follicle B A Ovarian hormone levels 0 1. 1. 4 21 28 Progesterone and LH FSH and LH Oestrogen and progesterone Oestrogen and FSH What is the follicle called after day 14? A B C D 1. 1. 6 14 Which hormones are represented by A and B? A B C D 1. 1. 5 7 Primary follicle Graafian follicle Secondary follicle Corpus luteum A ring of DNA (plasmid) is taken from a bacterial cell to produce insulin. The steps which follow are NOT in the correct order below. 1. The gene for insulin is removed from a cell of a human pancreas. 2. The bacteria make clones of themselves and produce nsulin. 3. The insulin gene is put into the plasmid and into a new bacterial cell. 4. The bacterial plasmid is cut using enzymes. The CORRECT order of the steps is †¦ A B C D Copyright reserved 3, 2, 4, 3. 3, 2, 4, 3. 4, 1, 3, 2. 4, 2, 1, 3. (6 x 2) Please turn over (12) Life Sciences/P1 1. 2 5 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Give the correct biological term for e ach of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the question number (1. 2. 1 – 1. 2. 7) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 An arrangement of black bars representing DNA fragments that can be used to determine whether people are related 1. . 3 Structure in the sperm cell containing enzymes that break down the membrane of the ovum 1. 2. 4 The release of an ovum from a follicle 1. 2. 5 The period from fertilisation to birth 1. 2. 6 The tube that transports the sperm from the testis to the urethra 1. 2. 7 1. 3 All the genes in all the chromosomes of a particular species A hormone produced in females to stimulate milk production (7) Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I applies to A only, B only, both A and B or none of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A and B, or none next to the question number (1. 3. 1 – 1. 3. ) in the ANSWER BOOK. COLUMN I 1. 3. 1 Possible ways of improving of fertility 1. 3. 2 Forms the placenta 1. 3. 3 H aving a single set of chromosomes 1. 3. 4 Sexually-transmitted disease(s) caused by bacteria 1. 3. 5 Technique used to determine abnormalities of the foetus COLUMN II A: Artificial insemination B: In vitro fertilisation A: Amnion B: Chorion A: Diploid B: Haploid A: Syphilis B: HIV A: Ultrasound B: Amniocentesis (5 x 2) Copyright reserved Please turn over (10) Life Sciences/P1 1. 4 6 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 When a stigma is ripe, it secretes a fluid which stimulates pollen grains to grow tubes. The fluid contains sugar. Zama wanted to investigate the following question: How does the concentration of sugar affect the number of pollen grains that germinate/form pollen tubes in flowers? She designed the following investigation. †¢ She took 5 cavity slides. cover slip cavity slide solution with pollen grains †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The first slide she filled with distilled water. You read "Life Sciences Paper 1" in category "Life" The second slide she filled with a 5% sugar solution. The third slide she filled with a 10% sugar solution. The fourth slide she filled with a 15% sugar solution. The fifth slide she filled with a 20% sugar solution. She transferred the same number of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower into each cavity of the five slides. A cover slip was gently lowered onto the slide. All five slides were placed in a warm incubator and left for one hour. Each slide was then examined under a microscope and the number of pollen tubes in each slide was counted and recorded in the table below. Concentration of sugar solution (%) 0 5 10 15 20 Number of pollen tubes 0 7 11 15 21 1. 4. 1 Explain why Zama used distilled water in the first cavity slide. (2) 1. 4. 2 State THREE ways in which this investigation would be improved to get more reliable results. 3) 1. 4. 3 Copyright reserved Describe a conclusion for the above investigation. (2) (7) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 1. 5 7 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 The diagram below represents a karyotype of a human cell. 1 6 2 3 7 13 14 19 20 4 8 9 10 15 11 16 21 5 12 17 22 18 23 1. 5. 1 How many chromosomes are present in this karyotype? (1) 1. 5. 2 Is this kar yotype that of a man or a woman? (1) 1. 5. 3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1. 5. 2. (2) 1. 5. 4 Describe how the karyotype of a person with Down’s syndrome will be different from the karyotype shown in the diagram above. Copyright reserved Please turn over (2) (6) Life Sciences/P1 1. 6 8 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Study the pedigree diagram of a family where some individuals have haemophilia. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disorder. Use H for normal blood clotting and h for the haemophiliac trait. Peter Andrew Millicent Henry Enid David Priscilla Goliath Key Normal female Anele Male haemophiliac Clarence Normal male 1. 6. 1 1. 6. 2 From the pedigree diagram above, state the relationship between gender and haemophilia. (2) Write down all the possible genotypes of individuals: (a) Peter (b) Enid (c) Clarence (6) (8) TOTAL SECTION A: Copyright reserved Please turn over 50 Life Sciences/P1 9 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 SECTION B QUESTION 2 2. 1 Study the following diagrams representing different phases of meiosis. A C B Diagram 1 Diagram 2 2. 1. 1 Diagram 4 (3) Label structures A, B and C. 2. 1. 2 Diagram 3 Which phase is represented by: (a) 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 Copyright reserved (1) (b) 2. 1. 3 Diagram 1 Diagram 2 (1) Write down the numbers of the diagrams to show the correct sequence in which the phases occur. (2) Tabulate THREE differences between the first and second stages of meiosis. (7) Name and explain TWO processes/mechanisms that ensure that he gametes produced at the end of meiosis are genetically different from each other. Please turn over (4) (18) Life Sciences/P1 2. 2 10 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 The diagrams below represent the process of protein synthesis. M O N UC A G G C A C A P Z UGU Q UC AGGCACA R X 2. 2. 1 Identify compound M and organelle R. (2) 2. 2. 2 Write down the sequence of the FIRST THREE nitrogeno us bases on the DNA strand that led to the formation of Z. (2) 2. 2. 3 Name the part/stage of protein synthesis that is illustrated in O. (1) 2. 2. 4 The table below shows the base triplets of DNA and the amino acid each codes for. Base triplet of DNA AGT CCG TGT GTA CAA TCC ACA Copyright reserved Amino acid coded for Serine Glycine Threonine Histidine Valine Arginine Cysteine Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 11 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 With reference to the diagram in QUESTION 2. 2 and the table above: (a) Name the amino acid labelled P. (2) (b) State the base sequence of the molecule labelled Q. (2) (c) What name is given to the triplet of tRNA bases that codes for each amino acid? (1) (d) Describe how the composition of the protein molecule changes if the base sequence at X is UGU instead of UCA. (2) (12) 30] QUESTION 3 3. 1 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system. X A Y B D C 3. 1. 1 Label structures A, B and C. (3) 3. 1. 2 State THREE functions of D. (3) 3. 1. 3 Fertilisation usually takes place at Y. Why will a blockage at X: (a) Prevent fertilisation at Y (b) Not necessarily lead to infertility Copyright reserved (1) (2) (9) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 2 12 NSC DBE/Fe b. – Mar. 2011 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. MALE CONTRACEPTIVE CHEMICAL Gossypol is a chemical which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants. When gossypol was given to rats, mice, dogs and monkeys, it caused a reduction in the fertility of the male animals by reducing their sperm count. Scientists wanted to investigate the idea that gossypol could be used as a human male contraceptive. [Adapted from: Liffen and Liffen, 1987] 3. 2. 1 State a hypothesis for the investigation that scientists wanted to do. (3) 3. 2. 2 State FOUR planning steps that must be followed by researchers before the investigation above is undertaken on humans. (4) 3. 2. 3 In the investigation above, name the following: (a) (1) (b) 3. 2. 4 Dependent variable Independent variable (1) Explain ONE reason why some people might: (a) (2) (b) Copyright reserved Support research on male contraception Object to research on male contraception (2) (13) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 3 13 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Study the diagram of a flower below and answer the questions that follow. D A B E C 3. 3. 1 Label parts A, B and D. (3) 3. 3. 2 Describe how the male gamete reaches the ovum after pollination. (3) 3. 3. 3 What do the following structures develop into after fertilisation: (a) Structure C (1) (b) Structure E (1) (8) [30] TOTAL SECTION B: Copyright reserved Please turn over 60 Life Sciences/P1 14 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 SECTION C QUESTION 4 4. 1 Explain THREE advantages of using genetically modified organisms as food. 4. 2 The table below shows the percentage frequency of human blood groups in the populations of two different cities in South Africa. (6) Human blood groups % frequency in population City 1 City 2 A 25 45 B 20 10 AB 10 5 O 45 40 4. 2. 1 Which blood group has: (a) 4. 3 (1) (b) 4. 2. 2 The highest frequency in City 1 The lowest frequency in City 2 (1) Plot the data in the table as bar graphs on the same system of axes. (10) (12) The diagram below shows a crossing between a homozygous black mouse and a homozygous white mouse. The F1-generation was all black. Male Female P1 X F1 1 2 3 4 Use the symbols B and b for the alleles of fur colour and show diagrammatically a genetic cross between mouse 1 and mouse 3 to show the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the next generation (F2). 4. 4 Clones are a group of genetically identical organisms. Explain THREE advantages and THREE disadvantages with reasons of cloning. Synthesis: NOTE: (12) (3) (15) NO marks will be awarded for answers in the form of flow charts or diagrams. TOTAL SECTION C: GRAND TOTAL: Copyright reserved (7) 40 150 How to cite Life Sciences Paper 1, Essays

Evolution of the Wild Soay Sheep free essay sample

Changing Species, Changing Environments: Unit Project The way organisms evolve is a very delicate process, and a number of factors can influence this. A prime example would be the recent evolution of the wild Soay sheep residing on the Scottish island of Hirta. First of all, this changing environment is producing variations to this species in ways that evolutionists would not expect. In addition, the impact of these changes is widespread throughout this population, and will lead to many differences from previous populations of these sheep. Finally, the ay the environment is affecting natural evolution of this species is different than many people would suspect. Overall, the changing environment of the wild Soay sheep is giving rise to altered natural selection forces and thereby causing evolutionary processes. Climate change is causing many impacts throughout the world, and the warming climate of Hirta, a Scottish island, is not an exception. The climate of this island and surrounding ones has steadily amplified in warmth since 1985, the year that the study of wild Soay sheep was commenced by Professor Tim Coulson of Imperial College London. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the Wild Soay Sheep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This has led to milder, shorter winters with the vegetation being more readily available throughout the year and a reduced competition for food among this species. The change on this species includes a reduction in the average body size and weight by greater than 5% over the time of this study. These warmer temperatures have reduced the need for the young sheep to grow rapidly in size and weight quickly to be able to survive to their first birthday, which ultimately leads to a smaller average phenotypic size for the sheep. As a whole, the ways that the nvironment has transformed has led to alterations in the evolutionary process of this species. Beyond the simple paradoxical decrease in size of these sheep, the changes brought on by this climate change are producing impacts to the species populations as a whole. The gene pool is being affected through the warmer weather causing natural selection to favour the allele for smaller body composition nowadays. In addition, although the small population of 900 to 1500 registered Soay sheep goes through many fluctuations in population size, being a rare case where the species ever obtains population equilibrium, more variations of body size phenotypes are able to survive now causing less downward fluctuations. Finally, the young mum effect is an impact from the warming climate and an increase in reproductive success as it is understood that younger mothers can now give birth reliably, as the younger the mothers are, the smaller the offspring will be. As the warmer conditions can now support smaller offspring, the mother can start reproducing at a younger age and therefore, produce more over her lifespan. Overall, the warming climate of he wild Soay sheeps habitat has led to countless impacts in the growth and development of this species populations. Throughout the study of these wild Soay sheep, it is evident that the environment plays a big part in the evolutionary trend of a species, especially when one phenotype is studied. It has been proven that this species has been steadily decreasing in size, while natural selection would commonly tavour a lager body composition in terms of survivability and reproductive success. This proves the influence of the environment, as this change is causing a greater genetic variation ithin the size of the sheep than would have been expected. Also, DNA will undergo more mutations in a warmer climate compared to a cooler one, as the germ cells that will eventually turn into the sperm or egg of an individual divide more frequently in warmer condition and therefore, have a greater chance of mutating. This being said, a warmer climate for the Soay sheep will not only create an inflated phenotypic variation of this species, but also at a more rapid rate than previous evolution. As a whole, the amount of gene mutations is multiplied 1. times as often in a warmer climate. To conclude, environmental factors can sway the effects of natural selection extensively, allowing one phenotype to have a selective advantage over another, even for a trait that would not have been desired previously. As a conclusion, the warming trend of the environment of the wild Soay sheep on the Scottish island of Hirta has drastically impacted the anatomy and process of natural selection of this species. A warming climate has produced variations of the body composition of this species that is smaller than previously required. As well, this has impacted the growth and development of the population of this species as a whole in terms of numbers and the gene pool. As a final point, it has been proven that these environmental changes have gone on to sway the evolutionary trend of this species and change the course of what would be expected out of this species. It is evident that an environmental change can impact the course of evolution and proves itself a powerful force in the workings of any species in particular, whether detrimental or valuable for the wellbeing of the Earths populations.